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Pamela Samuelson

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Pamela Samuelson</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">Pamela Samuelson (2012)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"> (1948-08-04) August 4, 1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">American</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Samuelson Law, Technology and Public Policy Clinic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Robert_J._Glushko" title="Robert J. Glushko">Robert J. Glushko</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">MacArthur "genius award"</a> (1997), <a href="Anita_Borg_Institute_Women_of_Vision_Awards" title="Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Awards">Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award</a> for Social Impact (2005)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a> (<a href="B._A." class="mw-redirect" title="B. A.">BA</a>, <a href="M._A." class="mw-redirect" title="M. A.">MA</a>) <a href="Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="J._D." class="mw-redirect" title="J. D.">JD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="University_of_Pittsburgh" title="University of Pittsburgh">University of Pittsburgh</a> <a href="University_of_California%2C_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/pamela-samuelson/">https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/pamela-samuelson/</a></td></tr></tbody></table>

Pamela Samuelson (born August 4, 1948) is an American legal scholar, activist, and philanthropist. She is the Richard M. Sherman '74 Distinguished Professor of Law at the <a href="UC_Berkeley_School_of_Law" title="UC Berkeley School of Law">University of California, Berkeley, School of Law</a>, where she has been a member of the faculty since 1996. She holds a joint appointment at the <a href="UC_Berkeley_School_of_Information" title="UC Berkeley School of Information">UC Berkeley School of Information</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> She is a co-founder and chair of <a href="Authors_Alliance" title="Authors Alliance">Authors Alliance</a> and a co-director of the <a href="Berkeley_Center_for_Law_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkeley Center for Law and Technology">Berkeley Center for Law and Technology</a>. She is recognized as a pioneer in digital copyright law, intellectual property, cyberlaw and information policy.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_history">Professional history</h2></div>

A 1971 graduate of the <a href="University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawaiʻi</a> and a 1976 graduate of <a href="Yale_Law_School" title="Yale Law School">Yale Law School</a>, Samuelson practiced law as a litigation associate with <a href="Willkie_Farr_%26_Gallagher" title="Willkie Farr & Gallagher">Willkie Farr & Gallagher</a> before becoming an academic.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> From 1981 through 1996 she was a member of the faculty at the <a href="University_of_Pittsburgh_School_of_Law" title="University of Pittsburgh School of Law">University of Pittsburgh School of Law</a>, from which she visited at <a href="Columbia_Law_School" title="Columbia Law School">Columbia</a>, <a href="Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell</a>, and <a href="Emory_University_School_of_Law" title="Emory University School of Law">Emory</a> Law Schools. Since joining the Berkeley faculty in 1996, she has held visiting professorships at <a href="Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> <a href="New_York_University_School_of_Law" title="New York University School of Law">NYU School of Law</a>, Toronto Law School,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="Fordham_University_School_of_Law" title="Fordham University School of Law">Fordham University School of Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a> Since 2002, she has held an honorary professorship at the <a href="University_of_Amsterdam" title="University of Amsterdam">University of Amsterdam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a>

Samuelson is a past <a href="MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">Fellow of the John D and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a> and a member of the <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 2005, she was awarded the <a href="Anita_Borg_Institute_Women_of_Vision_Awards" title="Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Awards">Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award</a> for Social Impact,<a href="#cite_note-:4-8">[8]</a> and in 2010 received the IP3 award from <a href="Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:5-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2></div>

Samuelson has published over 300 articles for law, technical, and general audiences, focused mainly on <a href="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law</a> and preserving balance in copyright law amidst innovation and technological change.<a href="#cite_note-:6-10">[10]</a>

Although her work is typically directed at U.S. law, it also includes comparative study of U.S. and European approaches to intellectual property.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="AI_and_copyright">AI and copyright</h3></div>

Samuelson has written about two distinct problems that generative AI poses for copyright law. First: when a computer program generates a work, who owns the copyright to that work? In 1985, Samuelson argued that copyright for works created by computer programs should be allocated to the user of the program, rather than to the computer, the programmer, or some combination of those parties.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> She also forecast that "[a]s 'artificial intelligence' (AI) programs become increasingly sophisticated in their role as the 'assistants' of humans in the [creation] of a wide range of products... the question of who will own what rights in the 'output' of such programs may well become a hotly contested issue."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a>

More recently, the advent of <a href="Large_language_model" title="Large language model">large language models</a> such as <a href="ChatGPT" title="ChatGPT">ChatGPT</a> has sparked <a href="Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright#Litigation" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">lawsuits by copyright holders</a> over the use of their works as "training" material for the programs. Samuelson has argued that such training may well constitute fair use, and warned that allowing copyright holders to restrict use of their works as training materials would "affect everyone who deploys generative AI, integrates it into their products, and uses it for scientific research."<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_and_defending_fair_use">Mapping and defending fair use</h3></div>

<a href="Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a> permits the unlicensed use of original expression from copyright-protected works in certain circumstances. However, the flexibility of the doctrine led Judge <a href="Pierre_N._Leval" title="Pierre N. Leval">Pierre Leval</a> to describe it as "mysterious" and lament the perception that it is a "disorderly basket of exceptions".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

Courts formally assess <a href="Fair_use#U.S._fair_use_factors" title="Fair use">four factors</a> in determining whether a given use is fair. in 2009, Samuelson augmented that analysis by canvassing the fair use case law and grouping opinions into what she termed "policy-relevant clusters" according to which of the goals of fair use the decision implicates: 1) freedom of speech and of expression; 2) the ongoing progress of authorship 3) learning; 4) access to information; 5) truth telling or truth seeking; 6) competition; 7) technological innovation; and 8) privacy and autonomy interests.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

Samuelson's framework has been described as making a "convincing case that fair use may not be as doctrinally incoherent as many have suggested".<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Google_Books_settlement">Google Books settlement</h4></div>

In 2004, Google initiated the <a href="Google_Books#History" title="Google Books">Print Library Project</a>, in which the company partnered with university libraries to scan their entire book collections.<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a> Books digitized in the project were searchable in the Google Books engine, where users could view certain information about the books, and "snippets" of text.<a href="#cite_note-:7-17">[17]</a> The <a href="Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Author's Guild and several individual authors filed suit</a>, alleging copyright infringement. In 2008, Google and the Guild announced a <a href="Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc.#Settlement_attempts" title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">settlement agreement</a>, whereby Google could continue to operate Google Book Search, but would have to pay copyright holders for use. Importantly, the settlement would apply to all books.

In a letter to the court, Samuelson argued that the settlement was not in the best interests of academic (as opposed to commercial) authors.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> She observed that "academic authors would be inclined to think that scanning books to index them was fair use, not copyright infringement".<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> They would, moreover, "be likely to want their out-of print books to be available on an open access basis rather than through a profit-maximizing scheme such as the GBS settlement proposed." The court eventually rejected the settlement and <a href="Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc.#Second_Circuit_appeal" title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Google Books was ruled fair use</a>. The court cited Samuelson's letter in holding that the Author's Guild did not adequately represent the interests of all authors.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Founding_of_Authors_Alliance">Founding of Authors Alliance</h4></div>

To enable the promulgation of broader perspectives on copyright policy issues, in 2014, Samuelson co-founded <a href="Authors_Alliance" title="Authors Alliance">Authors Alliance</a>, a non-profit that "advocates for the interests of authors who want to serve the public good by sharing their creations broadly". Authors Alliance has actively participated in comments to the Copyright Office on its policy initiatives, filed amicus briefs in cases addressing copyright and other information policy issues, and in policy debates at conferences and other events.<a href="#cite_note-:1-5">[5]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_on_the_merger_doctrine_under_US_law">Work on the merger doctrine under US law</h3></div>

The merger doctrine under US copyright law is now one of its three pillars.<a href="#cite_note-hickey-loc-crs-2021-21">[21]</a> Samuelson explains that this can occur when function (using its nontechnical meaning) and expression merge, including for software: "copyright law has long recognized that when there is only one or a small number of ways to express an idea or function, copyright protection will be withheld to any expression that has merged with the idea or function".<a href="#cite_note-samuelson-software-tests-2016-22">[22]</a>: 40 Samuelson expands on the merger doctrine and the role that substandard alternatives may play: "courts in numerous merger cases have taken into account whether the alternative expressions were inferior in some way, such as because they were less efficient, impractical, unreasonable, illogical, or contrary to industry expectations. Courts have been wary of forcing later authors to adopt inferior expressions or to engage in needless variations".<a href="#cite_note-samuelson-merger-doctrine-2016-23">[23]</a>: 11 Samuelson argues that the merger doctrine is being used by judges in certain circumstances to avoid confronting the scope of copyright rules contained in the US Copyright Act itself and specifically §102(b).<a href="#cite_note-samuelson-merger-doctrine-2016-23">[23]</a>: 33–36 More generally, Samuelson indicates that there is a growing reluctance by US courts to place the "building blocks of knowledge" under copyright protection on a range of public benefit grounds: promotion of completion, promotion of access to information, promotion of freedom of expression, recognition of legislative constraints, avoidance of needless variation, and the enabling of efficiency and standardization. And she opines that the merger doctrine is increasingly being used as the main vehicle for dismissing claims of infringement in these circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-samuelson-merger-doctrine-2016-23">[23]</a>: 40–47

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mapping_the_public_domain">Mapping the public domain</h3></div>

Much of Samuelson's scholarship has focused on identifying the goals that motivate a given part of <a href="Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">copyright law</a> and using that understanding to create maps and models of copyright's complex doctrinal landscape.

Samuelson's 2003 article "Mapping the Digital Public Domain: Threats and Opportunities" conceptualized the <a href="Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> as a vast landscape populated with information ranging from discarded grocery lists to Mozart symphonies. Samuelson argued that whether a certain type of information was within the public domain is not merely a matter of legal doctrine but also whether, as a matter of practice and tradition, that information is actually accessible to the public. Samuelson's broader view of the public domain represented a conceptual shift which inspired other work on entitlements and cultural appropriation.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preventing_legislative_creep_of_copyright">Preventing legislative creep of copyright</h3></div>

Samuelson has written extensively regarding various efforts to expand copyright protections to novel areas, or to use related areas of law to expand the remedies available to copyright holders.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copyright_versus_patent_protection_for_software">Copyright versus patent protection for software</h4></div>

In the U.S., a <a href="Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> protects a creator's "exclusive right to reproduce, distribute, and perform or display [a] work, and prevents other people from copying or exploiting the creation without the copyright holder's permission."<a href="#cite_note-:8-27">[27]</a> <a href="Patent" title="Patent">Patents</a>, by contrast, safeguard utilitarian "inventions and processes from other parties copying, making, using, or selling the invention without the inventor's consent."<a href="#cite_note-:8-27">[27]</a> In 1984, Samuelson's article "CONTU Revisited: The Case against Copyright Protection for Computer Programs in Machine-Readable Form" was an early argument that software's utilitarian nature made it inappropriate for copyright protection.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In 1994 Samuelson (with Randall Davis, <a href="Mitch_Kapor" title="Mitch Kapor">Mitch Kapor</a>, and J.H. Reichman) drew on software's unique characteristics to explain why neither copyright or patent protection were appropriate, and proposed a new <a href="Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">sui generis</a> type of legal protection for software.<a href="#cite_note-:9-30">[30]</a>

In 1999, the <a href="Uniform_Law_Commission" title="Uniform Law Commission">National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform State Laws</a> proposed an amendment to the <a href="Uniform_Commercial_Code" title="Uniform Commercial Code">Uniform Commercial Code</a> ("Article 2B," later renamed the <a href="Uniform_Computer_Information_Transactions_Act" title="Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act">Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act</a>, or "UCITA") that would lay out a standard set of rules to govern transactions in information products and services. Samuelson identified several fundamental issues with the law, including: (1) that the law would affect industries with wildly divergent interests; (2) that the law relied on "market assumptions [that] necessarily rest on risky predictions about the future of information age commerce;" and (3) that the new law would create conflicts between state contract law and federal intellectual property law.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Samuelson and others organized a conference to consider the implications of Article 2B, which several scholars have credited with contributing to the eventual abandonment of the proposed amendments.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Digital_rights_management_and_anti-circumvention_laws">Digital rights management and anti-circumvention laws</h4></div>

Software makers and other manufacturers embed <a href="Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> ("DRM") technology in their products to limit user behaviors —such as copying— which might infringe copyright. The <a href="Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a> (DMCA) of 1998 created rules prohibiting certain types of circumvention of these DRM technologies (so-called <a href="Anti-circumvention" title="Anti-circumvention">anti-circumvention</a> laws).<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Samuelson argued that Congress intended for the DMCA to preserve the legality of bypassing DRM tools for legitimate fair use purposes such as research, but that early court rulings interpreting the DMCA perverted this intent— "adopt[ing] the copyright industry's preferred interpretation of the DMCA as virtually unlimited in its protection of DRM."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Protection_of_database_contents">Protection of database contents</h4></div>

In 1996, a bill called the Database Investment and Intellectual Property Antipiracy Act was introduced in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:10-35">[35]</a> The proposal—and others like it introduced at similar times in the <a href="European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> and the <a href="World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>—would have created a new sui generis form of intellectual property protection for database contents. As Samuelson and J.H. Reichman explained, "[t]hese initiatives aim to rescue database producers from the threat of market-destructive appropriations by free-riding competitors who contributed nothing to the costs of collecting or distributing the relevant data were introduced."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Samuelson and Reichman agreed that existing laws "often fail to afford those who produce today's most commercially valuable information goods enough lead time to recoup their investments." However, they argued that the specific proposals advanced would "jeopardize basic scientific research, eliminate competition in the markets for value-added products and services, and convert existing barriers to entry into insuperable legal barriers to entry". The Copyright Office cited Samuelson's work in their Report on Legal Protection for Databases.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The Database Investment and Intellectual Property Antipiracy Act never received a vote in Congress.<a href="#cite_note-:10-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reforming_remedies">Reforming remedies</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statutory_damages_in_copyright_law">Statutory damages in copyright law</h3></div>

US copyright law allows plaintiffs to elect to receive <a href="Statutory_damages" title="Statutory damages">statutory damages</a> rather than actual damages in any amount between $750 and $150,000. The court may award any amount within that range that it "considers just".<a href="#cite_note-:11-38">[38]</a> In a series of articles, Samuelson and co-authors argued that because courts have failed to construct a coherent doctrine for their award, "[a]wards of statutory damages are frequently arbitrary, inconsistent, unprincipled, and sometimes grossly excessive," and that some awards may even be unconstitutional.<a href="#cite_note-:11-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Samuelson and her co-authors argued that compensation and modest deterrence were the primary reasons statutory damages were placed in the Copyright Act of 1909, and linked excessive penalties to a recent and (in their view) misplaced change in emphasis to making examples of infringers.<a href="#cite_note-:11-38">[38]</a> They advocated for changes in jurisprudence or legislation to restore statutory damages to their proper place in copyright law.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copyright_injunctions">Copyright injunctions</h3></div>

When a court finds a violation of the law in a civil case, it may award money damages or issue an <a href="Injunction" title="Injunction">injunction</a>—an order to do something or refrain from doing it. For many years it was standard practice for courts to issue injunctions when they found copyright infringement had occurred.<a href="#cite_note-:12-40">[40]</a> However, in the 2006 patent case <a href="EBay_Inc._v._MercExchange%2C_L.L.C." title="EBay Inc. v. MercExchange, L.L.C.">eBay v. MercExchange</a>, the <a href="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> held that injunctive relief should issue only when plaintiffs can satisfy the same <a href="Injunction#Permanent_injunctions" title="Injunction">4-part test</a> used in other injunctive relief situations.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Most notably, the eBay test requires the plaintiff to demonstrate that "irreparable harm" would occur without the injunction. Samuelson and Krzysztof Bebenek analyzed eBay's impact on copyright cases and argued that the case set a standard "far more in line with traditional principles of equity which place the burden of proof of irreparable injury squarely on the shoulder of plaintiffs who seek the extraordinary remedy of preliminary injunctive relief".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In 2022, Samuelson reassessed the caselaw, and reported that injunctions had become less frequent.<a href="#cite_note-:12-40">[40]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocating_for_innovation">Advocating for innovation</h2></div>

Consistent with her view that copyright protection should be understood as a tool to advance society's knowledge, Samuelson has argued for limits on copyright protection that promote innovation by preserving the ability to create products compatible with other products.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preserving_interoperability_and_Oracle_v._Google">Preserving interoperability and Oracle v. Google</h3></div>

In 2010, <a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Oracle sued Google</a> claiming that Google had infringed its copyright by reimplementing parts of the Java <a href="API" title="API">API</a> in the <a href="Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> platform. Samuelson (sometimes with other scholars, including Clark Asay) filed several amicus briefs as the case wound through the courts, arguing both that court holdings were incorrect in holding that copyright (as opposed to patent) protection was available to Oracle for its Java API, and that they were at odds with fair use doctrine.<a href="#cite_note-:13-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-44">[44]</a>

In 2021 the <a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc.#Decision" title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Supreme Court held</a>, on the basis of fair use, that Google had not infringed Oracle's copyright. While approving of the ruling, Samuelson and <a href="Mark_Lemley" title="Mark Lemley">Mark Lemley</a> wrote that the court's holding "sidestepped" the more fundamental issue of whether software interfaces such as APIs can be copyrighted at all. They argued that interfaces are not copyrightable, and wrote that "defendants in future software copyright cases should not shy away from challenging the copyrightability of program interfaces".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_to_repair">Right to repair</h3></div>

Samuelson has advocated for passage of <a href="Right_to_repair" title="Right to repair">Right to Repair</a> legislation in several states.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> She has argued that traditionally consumers have had a "unquestionable right" to repair any product they purchased, but that in recent years such repair has become more difficult due to the increasing complexity of consumer devices and their reliance on copyrighted software.<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a> In addition to copyright-supported arguments, she has supported them on environmental grounds: "Makers of software-enabled devices may... try to persuade consumers to trade in their old devices for the latest gadgets rather than engage in repairs. Many consumers are likely to find these deals attractive. But as we come to greater realization of the harmful environmental impacts of abandoning our old devices, perhaps repairs will come to be viewed as a better option."<a href="#cite_note-:15-48">[48]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_engineering_policy">Reverse engineering policy</h3></div>

Software is expensive to develop but easy to copy.<a href="#cite_note-:9-30">[30]</a> Samuelson has written that this creates challenges in the context of <a href="Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> policy, because competition from cheaply produced clones "destroy incentives to invest in software innovation".<a href="#cite_note-:9-30">[30]</a> In the <a href="The_Yale_Law_Journal" title="The Yale Law Journal">Yale Law Journal</a>, Samuelson and <a href="Suzanne_Scotchmer" title="Suzanne Scotchmer">Suzanne Schotchmer</a> considered the economic wisdom of legal restrictions on reverse engineering across multiple industries and argued that, as one scholar later summarized, "the legal rules for reverse engineering should depend on copying costs".<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> The Law and Economics of Reverse Engineering has been described as the "definitive treatment" of the subject.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Judge <a href="Frank_Easterbrook" title="Frank Easterbrook">Frank Easterbrook</a> cited the article in his opinion in the trade secret theft case U.S. v Lange.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy_law">Privacy law</h2></div>

Samuelson has noted similarities between trade secret law and information privacy law, and advocated for adapting licensing rules from trade secret law to the problem of protecting personal information in cyberspace.<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[52]</a> She has argued that it would be a mistake to grant intellectual property rights to personal data because society does not want to encourage people to sell these data, but rather to safeguard confidentiality of the data.<a href="#cite_note-:16-52">[52]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_principles_project">Copyright principles project</h2></div>

In 2007, Samuelson convened the Copyright Principles Project to "explore whether it was possible to reach some consensus about how current copyright law could be improved and how the law's current problems could be mitigated," particularly "in light of dramatic technological advances".<a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a> The group produced 25 recommendations, including: reinvigorating copyright registration; expanding the role of the Copyright Office and modernizing its functions; refining the exclusive rights granted to authors; and creating safe harbor provisions to protect against some infringement claims.<a href="#cite_note-:17-53">[53]</a>

Samuelson testified to Congress regarding these proposals,<a href="#cite_note-:18-54">[54]</a> and the <a href="United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">Copyright Office</a> has adopted at least two of the group's recommendations: <a href="Copyright_Alternative_in_Small-Claims_Enforcement_Act_of_2020" title="Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020">creating a small claims court</a> for copyright matters (the Copyright Claims Board),<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> and creating the position of chief economist.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> (EFF)<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>

<ul><li>Chair, Board of Directors, since 2019</li>

<li>Vice Chair of Board, 2009–19</li>

<li>Board Member, 2000</li>

<li>Public Policy Fellow 1997-2000</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Electronic_Privacy_Information_Center" title="Electronic Privacy Information Center">Electronic Privacy Information Center</a> (EPIC)<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>

<ul><li>Advisory Board</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

<ul><li>Advisory Board</li></ul></li>

<li>Public.Resource.Org<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>

<ul><li>Board of Trustees</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Authors_Alliance" title="Authors Alliance">Authors Alliance</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

<ul><li>Founder and member of the Board of Directors</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="American_Law_Institute" title="American Law Institute">American Law Institute</a> (ALI)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>

<ul><li>Advisor to Restatement of Copyright</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_Future_Coalition" title="Digital Future Coalition">Digital Future Coalition</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>

<ul><li>Member, Steering Committee</li></ul></li>

<li>Berkeley Center for Law and Technology<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a>

<ul><li>Director, since 1997</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-3">[3]</a>

<ul><li>Fellow, since 1998</li>

<li>Contributing Editor, <a href="Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a>, since 1990</li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amicus_briefs_and_testimony">Amicus briefs and testimony</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amicus_briefs">Amicus briefs</h3></div>

Samuelson has authored, co-authored, or joined amicus briefs in many cases, including:

<ul><li><a href="Lotus_Dev._Corp._v._Borland_Int'l%2C_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus Dev. Corp. v. Borland Int'l, Inc.">Lotus v. Borland</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a></li>

<li><a href="MGM_Studios%2C_Inc._v._Grokster%2C_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc. v. Grokster</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a></li>

<li><a href="Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America%2C_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google v. Oracle</a><a href="#cite_note-:13-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-:14-44">[44]</a></li>

<li><a href="Andy_Warhol_Foundation_for_the_Visual_Arts%2C_Inc._v._Goldsmith" title="Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith">Andy Warhol Foundation. v. Goldsmith</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></li>

<li><a href="Alice_Corp._v._CLS_Bank_International" title="Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank International">Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a></li>

<li><a href="Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._Google%2C_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">The Authors Guild v. Google</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a></li>

<li><a href="Authors_Guild%2C_Inc._v._HathiTrust" title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. HathiTrust">The Authors Guild v. Hathitrust</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></li>

<li><a href="Universal_City_Studios%2C_Inc._v._Corley" title="Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Corley">Universal City Studios v. Corley</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_comments_and_testimony">Government comments and testimony</h3></div>

Samuelson has appeared before or submitted testimony or comments to several government bodies, including:

<ul><li>Senate Judiciary Committee, Hearing on Copyright Law in Foreign Jurisdictions: How Are Other Countries Handling Digital Piracy? March 10, 2020<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a></li>

<li>House of Representatives, Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property and the Internet, Hearing on "A Case Study in Consensus Building: The Copyright Principles Project" May 16, 2013<a href="#cite_note-:18-54">[54]</a></li>

<li>Comments in response to the Copyright Office's notice of inquiry on artificial intelligence and copyright<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2></div>

Samuelson has been honored by many organizations over the course of her career, including:

<ul><li>Martin Meyerson Faculty Research Lecturer, UC Berkeley 2016<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a></li>

<li>Earl Warren Civil Liberties Award, <a href="American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">ACLU</a> of Northern California, 2014<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a></li>

<li>Member, <a href="American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts & Sciences</a>, 2013<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a></li>

<li>Vanguard Award for Academic or Public Policy Achievements, California Lawyers Association, 2012<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></li>

<li>IP3 Award for Internet Policy, <a href="Public_Knowledge" title="Public Knowledge">Public Knowledge</a>, 2010<a href="#cite_note-:5-9">[9]</a></li>

<li><a href="Anita_Borg_Institute_Women_of_Vision_Awards" title="Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Awards">Anita Borg Institute Women of Vision Award</a> for Social Impact, 2005<a href="#cite_note-:4-8">[8]</a></li>

<li><a href="MacArthur_Fellows_Program" title="MacArthur Fellows Program">Fellow of the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation</a>, 1997-2002<a href="#cite_note-:2-6">[6]</a></li>

<li>Distinguished Alumni Award, <a href="University_of_Hawai%CA%BBi" title="University of Hawaiʻi">University of Hawai'i</a>, 2000<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philanthropy">Philanthropy</h2></div>

Samuelson and her spouse, <a href="Robert_J._Glushko" title="Robert J. Glushko">Robert Glushko</a>, have a family foundation through which they have engaged in a variety of philanthropy including:

<ul><li>The <a href="Rumelhart_Prize" title="Rumelhart Prize">Rumelhart Prize</a>, awarded annually by the <a href="Cognitive_Science_Society" title="Cognitive Science Society">Cognitive Science Society</a> "to an individual or collaborative team making a significant contemporary contribution to the theoretical foundations of human cognition".</li>

<li>Glushko Dissertation Prizes awarded annually by the <a href="Cognitive_Science_Society" title="Cognitive Science Society">Cognitive Science Society</a> for outstanding dissertations in the field of cognitive science.</li>

<li>Annual prizes for undergraduate honors work in cognitive science at over 20 universities, including six in the University of California system,<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> as well as Northwestern,<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Stanford,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Yale,<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Johns Hopkins,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> and Harvard.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li>

<li>Clinics and policy labs in public interest technology law at six law schools: UC Berkeley,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> American University,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Fordham University,<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> University of Colorado-Boulder,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Ottawa,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> and University of Amsterdam.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a></li>

<li>Dovie Samuelson Endowed Scholarship at University of Washington to "help women in Washington wishing to pursue careers in science and technology."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The awards are named in honor of Samuelson's late grandmother, a single parent during the Depression in <a href="Skagit_County%2C_Washington" title="Skagit County, Washington">Skagit County</a>, north of <a href="Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/people/faculty/pamelasamuelson">"Pamela Samuelson"</a>. UC Berkeley School of Information.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.ischool.berkeley.edu/~pam/">"Pamela Samuelson"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-5">f</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/our-faculty/faculty-profiles/pamela-samuelson/">"Pamela Samuelson"</a>. Berkeley Law. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fedsoc.org/contributors/pamela-samuelson">"Pamela Samuelson"</a>. fedsoc.org. 2023-11-07. Retrieved 2025-02-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:1-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFAmsterdam2019" class="citation web cs1">Amsterdam, Universiteit van (2019-02-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uva.nl/en/shared-content/faculteiten/en/faculteit-der-rechtsgeleerdheid/news/2019/02/information-law-and-policy-lab.html">"Donation to Establish Information Law and Policy Lab"</a>. University of Amsterdam. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-1997/pamela-samuelson">"Pamela Samuelson"</a>. www.macfound.org. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/pamela-samuelson">"Pamela Samuelson | American Academy of Arts and Sciences"</a>. www.amacad.org. 2024-05-18. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:4-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_8-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ischool.berkeley.edu/news/2005/pamela-samuelson-honored-anita-borg-institute">"Pamela Samuelson honored by the Anita Borg Institute | UC Berkeley School of Information"</a>. www.ischool.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:5-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_9-1">b</a> <cite id="CITEREFKnowledge2010" class="citation web cs1">Knowledge, Public (2010-08-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicknowledge.org/public-knowledge-presents-seventh-ip3-awards-to-samuelson-crawford-geist-and-paley/">"Public Knowledge Presents Seventh IP3 Awards to Samuelson, Crawford, Geist and Paley"</a>. Public Knowledge. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:6-10"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0">^</a> Samuelson's full list of publications at the Berkeley Law Library <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/search?f1=author&as=1&sf=title&so=a&rm=&m1=e&p1=Samuelson%2C%20Pamela&ln=en">https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/search?f1=author&as=1&sf=title&so=a&rm=&m1=e&p1=Samuelson%2C%20Pamela&ln=en</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSamuelson1985" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1112407?ln=en&v=pdf">"Allocating Ownership Rights in Computer-Generated Works"</a>. University of Pittsburgh Law Review: 1192 – via Berkeley Law Library.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Samuelson, Pamela (1985). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1112407?ln=en&v=pdf">Allocating Ownership Rights in Computer-Generated Works</a>". University of Pittsburgh Law Review: 1187 – via Berkeley Law Library.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (2023-07-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adi0656">"Generative AI meets copyright"</a>. Science. 381 (6654): 158–161. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023Sci...381..158S">2023Sci...381..158S</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.adi0656">10.1126/science.adi0656</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37440639">37440639</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLeval1990" class="citation journal cs1">Leval, Pierre N. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341457">"Toward a Fair Use Standard"</a>. Harvard Law Review. 103 (5): 1105–1136. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341457">10.2307/1341457</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-811X">0017-811X</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341457">1341457</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2008" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1121797?ln=en&v=pdf">"Unbundling Fair Uses"</a>. Fordham Law Review: 2537 – via Berkeley Law Library.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSag2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sag, Matthew (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kb.osu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/38365c7b-f8cf-5d11-85b5-959922504bc9/content&sa=D&source=docs&ust=1716052857284534&usg=AOvVaw3mXme5JHzxQB0Cr5BiKWv4">"Predicting Fair Use"</a>. Ohio State Law Journal – via Loyola University.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:7-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_17-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/appellate-courts/ca2/13-4829/13-4829-2015-10-16.html">"Authors Guild v. Google, Inc., No. 13-4829 (2d Cir. 2015)"</a>. Justia Law. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1122397?ln=en&v=pdf">"Pamela Samuelson's Letters to the Court: Concerns on the Proposed Google Book Settlement"</a>. Tulane Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property – via Berkeley Law Library.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/record/1124616/?v=pdf">"Why the Google Book Settlement Failed--and What Comes Next"</a>. Communications of the ACM. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2018396.2018408">10.1145/2018396.2018408</a> – via Berkeley Law Library.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/guild-v-google-inc">"Guild v. Google Inc., 770 F. Supp. 2d 666 | Casetext Search + Citator"</a>. casetext.com. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFHickey2021" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Kevin J (5 October 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/crs_external_products/LSB/PDF/LSB10597/LSB10597.1.pdf">Google v. Oracle: Supreme Court rules for Google in landmark software copyright case </a> (PDF). Washington DC, USA: US Library of Congress Congressional Research Service. Retrieved 2025-06-18.</cite> Marked Legal Side Bar. Describes the merger doctrine.

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=2909152">"Functionality and expression in computer programs: refining the tests for software copyright infringement"</a>. Berkeley Technology Law Journal. 31: 1215–. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1086-3818">1086-3818</a>. Retrieved 2025-06-13.</cite> 64 pages. Given URL is for a post‑print.

</li>

<cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2016" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/Delivery.cfm?abstractid=2763903">"Reconceptualizing copyright's merger doctrine"</a>. Journal of the Copyright Society of the USA. 63: 417–. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0886-3520">0886-3520</a>. Retrieved 2025-06-13.</cite> 50 pages. Given URL is for a post‑print.

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<li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.berkeley.edu/glushko/">"Robert J. Glushko - Home Page"</a>. linguistics.berkeley.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cogsci.northwestern.edu/undergraduate/undergraduate-award.html">"Robert J. Glushko Prize for Undergraduate Excellence in Cognitive Science: Cognitive Science Program - Northwestern University"</a>. cogsci.northwestern.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://symsys.stanford.edu/people/awards-and-prizes-recipients/glushko-prize-excellence-undergraduate-research-symbolic">"Glushko Prize for Excellence in Undergraduate Research in Symbolic Systems | Symbolic Systems Program"</a>. symsys.stanford.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cogsci.yale.edu/senior-thesis-prize">"Senior Thesis Prize | Cognitive Science"</a>. cogsci.yale.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cogsci.jhu.edu/2022/04/14/the-glushko-outstanding-undergraduate-cognitive-scientist-prize/">"The New Glushko Outstanding Undergraduate Cognitive Scientist Prize"</a>. Cognitive Science. 2022-04-14. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mbb.harvard.edu/glushkoprize">"Robert J. Glushko Undergraduate Thesis Prize"</a>. mbb.harvard.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/experiential/clinics/samuelson-law-technology-public-policy-clinic/">"Samuelson Law, Technology & Public Policy Clinic"</a>. Berkeley Law. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ipclinic.org/">"WCL Glushko-Samuelson IP Clinic"</a>. WCL Glushko-Samuelson IP Clinic. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fordham.edu/school-of-law/experiential-education/clinics/samuelson-glushko-intellectual-property-and-information-law/">"Samuelson-Glushko Intellectual Property and Information Law | Fordham School of Law"</a>. www.fordham.edu. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colorado.edu/law/academics/clinics/samuelson-glushko-technology-law-policy-clinic">"Samuelson-Glushko Technology Law & Policy Clinic"</a>. Colorado Law. 2012-10-22. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uottawa.ca/research-innovation/centre-law-technology-society/initiatives/cippic">"CIPPIC"</a>. Research and innovation. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilplab.nl/">"ILP Lab – Glushko & Samuelson Information Law and Policy Lab"</a>. 2024-02-07. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washington.edu/news/2000/06/16/new-scholarship-provides-full-funding-for-women-studying-science-or-technology/">"New scholarship provides full funding for women studying science or technology"</a>. UW News. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20000622&slug=4028063">"$1 million tribute to grandma | The Seattle Times"</a>. archive.seattletimes.com. Retrieved 2024-05-18.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pamela_Samuelson" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Pamela Samuelson">Pamela Samuelson</a>.</div></div>

</div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/pamela-samuelson">"Pamela Samuelson"</a>, Huffington Post</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://radar.oreilly.com/2009/04/legally-speaking-the-dead-soul.html">"Legally Speaking: The Dead Souls of the Google Booksearch Settlement"</a>, O'Reilly Radar</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sims.berkeley.edu/~pam/">Prof. Samuelson's web page at the School of Information</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051030004449/http://www.law.berkeley.edu/faculty/profiles/facultyProfile.php?facID=346">Prof. Samuelson's web page at UC Berkeley School of Law</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcast.berkeley.edu/course_details.php?seriesid=1906978370">Open Source Development and Distribution of Digital Information Webcast</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lawcat.berkeley.edu/search?f1=author&as=1&sf=title&so=a&rm=&m1=e&p1=Samuelson%2C%20Pamela&ln=en">Berkeley Law Library Publications List</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.berkeley.edu/research/bclt/bcltevents/symposium-celebrating-pamela-samuelson/">Symposium Celebrating Pamela Samuelson</a> (Berkeley Center for Law & Technology)

<ol><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bk.webcredenza.com/program?id=85349&st=1">Mapping Copyright</a> (<a href="Julie_E._Cohen" title="Julie E. Cohen">Julie Cohen</a>, Niva Elkin-Koren, Kristella García, Aaron Perzanowski, Chris Sprigman)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bk.webcredenza.com/program?id=85350&st=1">Copyright Reform</a> (Bernt Hugenholtz, <a href="Jessica_Litman" title="Jessica Litman">Jessica Litman</a>, <a href="Ruth_Okediji" title="Ruth Okediji">Ruth Okediji</a>, R. Anthony Reese, Jennifer Urban)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bk.webcredenza.com/program?id=85350&st=1">Authors, Libraries, and Free Expression</a> (Daniel Gervais, Carla Hesse, <a href="Brewster_Kahle" title="Brewster Kahle">Brewster Kahle</a>, <a href="Sonia_Katyal" title="Sonia Katyal">Sonia Katyal</a>, Lydia Loren)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bk.webcredenza.com/program?id=85352&st=1">Copyright and Internet Activism</a> (Andrew Gass, Joseph Lorenzo Hall, <a href="Carl_Malamud" title="Carl Malamud">Carl Malamud</a>, Corynne McSherry, Jason Schultz)</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bk.webcredenza.com/program?id=85353&st=1">Innovation</a> (Margaret Chon, <a href="Rochelle_C._Dreyfuss" title="Rochelle C. Dreyfuss">Rochelle Cooper Dreyfuss</a>, James Grimmelmann, <a href="Mark_Lemley" title="Mark Lemley">Mark Lemley</a>, Rob Merges)</li></ol></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7129255#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1604" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7129255#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1604" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000083236537">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/115985558">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/1483210">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJmhK4rKxkwt9GCVhT34v3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88609618">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00688562">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub2017970199&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p37106421X">Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA1128263X?l=en">CiNii</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100661766">Association for Computing Machinery</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/s/PamelaSamuelson">DBLP</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/265594545">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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